Convergence In Head And Neck Cancer –Centers Collaborate To Reveal Unexpected Genetic Mutations
Baltimore, MD; Boston and Cambridge MA; Pittsburgh, PA; and Houston, TX . Thurs. July 28, 2011 — Powerful new technologies that zoom in on the connections between human genes and diseases have illuminated the landscape of cancer, singling out changes in tumor DNA that drive the development of certain types of malignancies such as melanoma or ovarian cancer.
Now several major biomedical centers have collaborated to shine a light on head and neck squamous cell cancer. Their large-scale analysis has revealed a surprising new set of mutations involved in this understudied disease.
In back-to-back papers published online July 28 in Science, researchers from the Broad Institute, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, the University of Pittsburgh, and the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center have confirmed genetic abnormalities previously suspected in head and neck cancer, including defects in the tumor suppressor gene known as p53. But the two teams also found mutations in the NOTCH family of genes, suggesting their role as regulators of an important stage in cell development may be impaired.
“This adds a new dimension to head and neck cancer biology that was not on anyone’s radar screen before,” said Levi A. Garraway, a senior associate member of the Broad Institute, an assistant professor at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, and a senior author of one of the Science papers. “Head and neck cancer is complex and there are many mutations, but we can infer there is a convergence on a cellular process for which we previously did not have genetic evidence. It shows that if you do a genome sequencing project of this size you can gain major new biological insights.”
“The mutational analysis of NOTCH clearly indicated the power of genetic changes determining the function of these genes,” said Kenneth W. Kinzler, professor of oncology and a molecular geneticist at Johns Hopkins, co-director of the Ludwig Center at Johns Hopkins, and an author of one of the Science papers. “It gives us an important clue to start studying their function.”
Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common non-skin cancer in the world, with more than half a million new cases each year. Smokers, drinkers, and people infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV) have the highest risk of developing head and neck cancer, which is the collective name for tumors found in the oral cavity, including the mouth, larynx, and pharynx.
Patients often seek medical care only once they are in the later stages of the disease, when they may be offered surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination. Treatments can be disfiguring and debilitating, leaving patients unable to speak or swallow. The five-year survival rate of 50 percent has improved little over the past 40 years.
Jennifer R. Grandis, a professor of otolaryngology and pharmacology and chemical biology at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and a senior author of one of the Science papers, bemoaned the dearth of genetic information about head and neck cancer several years ago at a conference where Garraway had given a talk about the genomic landscape of melanoma.
“There was a really big gap in knowledge that was an obstacle to doing the right kind of research” about head and neck cancer, she said. “If we didn’t know the spectrum of the mutations that were in our patients’ tumors, we couldn’t begin to develop more appropriate therapies because we were sort of playing in the dark.”
Source: Johns Hopkins Medicine